is the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
Encoding - The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it Storage - The process by which information is maintained over a period of time Retrieval - The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory
Memory Retrieval
Recognition: memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before
A single item of information may be indexed under several headings so that it can be reached in many ways
Recall: involves a person’s knowledge, attitudes, and expectations
Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned information
Confabulation is the act of filling in memory gaps
Our memories may be reconstructed in terms of schemas
Forgetting: When information that once entered long-term memory is unable to be retrieved, it is said to be forgotten
Units of Thought
Image - a visual, mental representation of an event or object
Symbol - an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality
Concept - a label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common
Prototype - a representative example of a concept
Rule - a statement
Problem Solving Strategies
Break down complex problems into smaller ones or subgoals
Work backward from the goal you have set
Examine various ways of reaching a desired goal
Heuristics
Are experimental strategies that allow a person to solve a problem quickly and easily
Availability Heuristic: seeing something on the news or from other sources and then create opinions or biased based off of that information
Intelligence Testing Stanford-Binet IQ
Cultural and Linguistic Biased The Wechsler Tests
Tests in separate areas
Vocabulary and arithmetic apart distinctively provide a more detailed picture of the individual’s intelligence